Physiology1

• Outline the main anatomical features of the human body

The main human anaotomic features include the head, mouth, throats, the verbal column, legs, sex organs, eye, nose ears, tongue, bones, and joints jaw among others. These anatomic features are organized to form 10 biological systems in the body as highlighted below. The hair, nail and Skin are brought together to form the intergumentary system. Intergumentary systems cover the external parts of the body protecting internal organs from any form of injury (Lutz 2013) The bone and joints forms the skeletal system. The skeletal system provides the body with support and protects some of the internal organs. It also facilitates muscle movement in the body (Lutz 2013). All the muscle in the body forms the muscular system.  This system used to Maintain posture and produce movement i.e. locomotion (Lutz 2013). The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung form the respiratory system. Respiratory system   allows the gases exchange to take place in the human body where carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen inhaled (Lutz 2013). The mouth, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus all form the digestive system. This is the system used by the body to breakdown food substances so that absorption and elimination of waste can take place in the body (Lutz 2013). The brain, spinal cord and the nerves work together under the Nervous system to control body internal activities (Lutz 2013). Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis all make up the endocrine system.  Endocrine system secretes various types of hormone in the body which control some of the body internal activities such as Growth, metabolism and reproduction (Lutz 2013). The heart and the Blood vessels   form a biological system in the body known as cardiovascular. Cardiovascular systems bump and transport the blood in the body. The blood carries in the nutrient, oxygen and waste through the body (Lutz 2013). The kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra Forms the urinary system. Urinary system is used   to eliminate nitrogenous wastes from the body, maintain water balance, and regulate acid-base (Lutz 2013). All the sex organs including prostate gland, penis, testis in male and mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube in female are organized together to form the reproductive  system. Reproductive system is used to produce the offspring (Lutz 2013).

• (a) Discuss cellular metabolism and explain how digestive and respiratory system interact in cellular metabolism

Cellular metabolism is a set of chemical reactions that take place in living organisms to sustain life (Tocris 2016).  There are two types of cellular metabolism; the anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism is a cellular metabolism where the cells in the body, uses the available energy to build up molecules such as enzymes and nucleic acid needed by the body.  Therefore, anabolism metabolism involves using small’s component to build a large component as required by the body.  Contrary, catabolism metabolism involves chemical reaction that breakdown complex molecules to release energy into the body (Tocris 2013). The entire cell metabolism can take place in presence or absence of oxygen. When the cell metabolism take place is presence of oxygen, the process is known as   Aerobic metabolism. For aerobic metabolism to take place, the body respiratory system provides the cells with the required oxygen.  Oslo, it is important to note that the digestive system also play a key role in the process. It supplies the cells with food molecules which are used by the cells to release energy (Griffins 2016). A cellular metabolism that takes place in absence of oxygen is Know as anaerobic metabolism. In anaerobic metabolism, the cell does not rely on oxygen to perform the metabolism (Griffins 2016). So, the respiratory system has no role to play in this process. However, the digestive system also play a crucial role as it supply the cells with food molecules needed for metabolism to take place (Opie 2004)  

• (b). Discuss the function of growth hormone which ensures our body grow.

Growth hormone is a peptide hormone release by the pituitary gland to stimulate growth, development and regeneration (Mandal 2014).  The hormone has a number of functions in the body. First, it encourages growth and development in children and adolescents (Tharu 2013). Secondly, it is also involved in regulating bodily fluids, sugar and fat metabolism.  As pointed out by Tharu (2013), Growth hormone plays a key role in regulation of sugar in the body to ensure it stay within the normal range. In fat metabolism, growth hormone enhances the utilization of fats allowing the body to breakdown the fat more effectively (Mandal 2014). Thirdly, Growth hormone also causes the increase in size and numbers of cells by increasing the mitotic process (Tharu 2013)  2, 1 Explain body normal response to everyday activity  The body respond to activities in various ways. The body response can take place in the respiratory system (Breathing), digestive system (eating and absorption of nutrient), muscular system (i.e. physical movement) etc. In the digestive system, the body respond to everyday activities through the process of food absorption.  For example, to support the daily activities of the 25 years old college, the body will need energy. Energy can only be produced from the food consumed.  Therefore, as the 25 Year College students goes on with his everyday activities, the body will need energy. This will trigger hunger so that food can be consumed.  Once foods are consumed, digestion takes place. Digestion is the process in which food is broken down into small particles.  Digestion takes place through two mechanisms one that is mechanical and one that is chemical in nature.    The mechanical digestion involve physical breakdown of food. This take place in the mouth where through chewing food is breakdown into smaller particles.  Once mechanical digestion is done, the chemical digestion begins. Chemical digestion takes place in the small intestine where the liver, gall bladder and pancreas play major role.  The Liver produces a substance known as bile. The gall bladder is located near the liver and function in chemical digestion is to store and release the bile to the food particles. The pancreases make digestive enzymes which work alongside the bile to breakdown food to be used as energy in the body.  2.2 Discuss how body response are explained by cellular and tissue structure and physiology  The fundamental life of an individual depended on various chemical reactions that take place in their body cells.  These reactions are so evidences in the process of food absorption, the body need energy everyday. This energy is produced from food through a numbers of chemical reactions. For example, once an individual consume food, it is breakdown in the mouth.  The food molecules are then pushed down into the stomach where they are stored. Once in the stomach,    the cells in the inner lining of the stomach produces a digestive fluid know us gastric juice.  Once released, the gastric juice breakdown the solid food into liquid. The liquid food is then passed through small intestine where most of food digestion and absorption of nutrient take place.  As the food pass through the small intestine, the pancreases secrete enzymes such as trypsin and chymotrypsin which aids the digestion of protein, lipids and carbohydrates. Once broken down, the nutrients   in food is then absorbed by the inner walls of the small intestine.   The inner walls o the small intestine contains epithelial cells which make it possible to absorb food through the process of diffusion (Mandal 2016). 2.3 Explain how the body coordinates its internal activities  To maintain life, the internal activities of the body must be coordinated and controlled. Homeostasis is the process that coordinates and controls the body activities to maintain a constant and stable internal environment essential to maintain life (Bhise 2008). Homeostasis occurs to stabilize the functioning of various organs and system in the body such as kidney, lung, heart, skins among others (Arnould-Taylor 1998). The homeostasis process comprises of a system of feedback control. The human body has a number of sensors which monitor changes in the physiological variables such as temperature, glucose level in the blood, blood pressure, water balance, salt concentration etc. If a life threatening changes is detected in  any of these variables, the sensor send a signal to the brain  which  provide a feedback to trigger changes  to compensate  for the  variable deviation. The feedback from the brain can   either stop or accelerate the variable change. A feedback that stops such change is known as negative feedback while the one that accelerate change in variable is known as positive feedback (Bhise 2008, Arnould-Taylor 1998). An example of homeostasis occurs during regulation of body temperature.  To maintain a stable internal environment, the body temperature must be maintained at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Therefore, when the temperature rises due to change in external environment, the Skins send a signal to the brain which then triggers activities such as sweating allowing the loss of heat in an effort to maintain temperature within normal rate (Bhise 2008). 3.1 Explain the recording and use of routine measures in health and social care  To understand the health status of an individual, health and social care professional uses routine measures such as physical examination, blood test, X-rays, blood pressure among others.  These routine measures provide   data which if analyzed carefully, help understand the condition of various organs in the body. The health and social care professional are required to conduct these routine measures on their patients. While doing so,   ethical principle and consideration must be taken into account.  These include ensure the individuals rights, dignity and privacy is maintained. For instance, when a measured is conducted and recorded, the data should be kept in safe place to avoid breaching the patients’ privacy ( AMA 2012). In relation to the elderly man with chest pain and hypertension, several routine measures need to be conducted taking into consideration the ethical issues highlighted above. These include blood test, chest examination, blood pressure, BMI among others. Blood test is measures used to monitor various health conditions or asses the condition of an organ in the body.   This test would help monitor condition such as diabetes which the elderly man is at risks of. It would also help assess the condition of various chest organs including heart, lungs among other therefore making it easier to identify cause of the chest pain. Blood pressure would help determine whether the high blood pressure has affected other of his organs. Specifically, it can help assess the condition of the heart and blood vessel Chest examination would also help the doctor to assessing the condition and functioning of various chest organs such as lung, heart, and others.   The most common form of chest examination is X-rays which provide pictures of all the chest organs. Through this examination, abnormalities in chest organs can be detected.   3 .2 Assess how routine measures provide information about body functioning  The various routine measures used in health and social care practice provide very useful information that help understand the functioning of the body. In relation to the   man with chest and hypertension condition, conducting x-rays, blood pressure, BMI and other similar test would help understand the functioning of his various body parts the heart, lung, and other chest organ. Blood test for instance,   can help assess the glucose level in his body   hence understanding the ability of the body to regulated sugar (NHS choice 2016). Blood pressure test who help determine the functioning of the heart and blood vessel.  A blood pressure that is out of normal is an indication that the heart and the blood vessel are not working probably (lliades and Haines 2016). Chest examination on the other hand, would help the doctor assess the condition and functioning of his various chest organs including the lung, heart, thymus gland etc. Through chest examination, Abnormalities in any of these organs can be noticed hence informing better care (Tuteur 1990). 3.3 Examine how information about body functioning may inform care planning for individuals  Information about body functioning as generated by routine measures is crucial for decision making. They help plan for the proper care that meet the care need of the patients. For Instance, information on the body functioning of the   man with hypertension and chest pains would help identify body organs that are faulty. This would help decide the medicine to be used on him, intervention to take to use to manage the faulty body organs and approach to use (.  For example, if the patients are found to be at risks of heart failure caused by high blood pressure, the care plan can focus on eliminating such risks. 4.1 Explain how age may affect body structure and functioning As people age, their nervous system and respiratory system go through natural change which not only affects the organs in these systems but also their functioning.  In the nervous system, the brain and the spinal cord losses weight and nerve cells.   As results, the nerves cells begin to transmit the message more slowly that before.  Also, due to the nerves breakdown, the body senses are affected.  Individual lose reflexes and sensation which lead to problems associated with movement and safety (Dugdale 2006).  Ageing also affect the functioning of the brain.    As people age, there is slight slowing in thought and memory. This change is attributed to waste with accumulate in the brain tissues.    These In the respiratory system, a number of changes took place as people age.  First, the bones in the chest become thinner and change shape.  As a result, the expansion and contraction of ribcage become slow as compared to before when and individual was young.   Secondly, the muscles that support breathing i.e. the diaphragm become weaker. In Addition, the alveoli in the lack which facilitate gas exchange loss their surface area. All these change lead to difficulties in breathing. Also, these changes can causes a numbers of health problems including Lung infection, shortness of breath, and abnormal breathing (Sharma 2006). In conclusion, ageing has drastic effects on the functioning and structure of   the entire respiratory system and nervous systems. This increases the vulnerable of elderly to diseases.  Therefore, the 85 yrs old woman is an at hire risks of acquiring more health problem especially those related to memory loss, and though, lung and shortness of breathing. 4.2 Assess the impact of common disorders on body structure and functioning Diabetes is a health condition where the amount of glucose in the body is too high because the body is unable to produce enough insulin to regulate glucose level (Diabetes UK 2016). Diabetes is one of the health conditions that are likely to have bigger impacts on the body of the 85 years old woman.  First, high glucose level can damage some of her body organs.  One of the organs likely to be damaged by diabetes is the blood vessel and this can lead to other health complication such as heart attack, stroke, kidney problem and eye problems (Diabetes Victoria 2016). Arthitis is a health problem related to inflammation, pain, and damage of the joints (Macon and Reed-Guy 2015).  Arthritis is likely to affect the body structure and functioni9ng of the elderly woman in number of way. First, as stated by NHS choice (2016) arthritis causes inflammation which damage blood vessel increasing the risks for heart attack, stroke and heart failure.   Arthritis causes inflammation not only in joint but also in other body parts including heart, lung, and eyes. This inflammation can lead to health problem such as pulmonary fibrosis, Chest pain, Shortness of brain, eye redness and pain. Non- healing ulcer are wound which are unresponsive to therapies (Greer 2012).  Non-healing ulcers are likely to have some impacts on body structure and functioning. To start with, non- healing ulcer create a good create for infection to spread.  Also, they affect the locomotion making it impossible for   an individual to moves (Greer 2012). In conclusion, the three conditions suffered by the elderly woman put her in a vulnerable situation to disease attack  4.3 Relate the effects of common disorders and infection to the care routinely given to individuals affected by them. As seen in LO 4.2, the three conditions the elderly woman has some negative impact on the functioning and structure of her body. Also, they put her at situation whereby she is vulnerable to other health problems.  The good thing is, with proper care, the negative impact these conditions have on her and the risks they create can be minimized. In order to ensure all the risks associated with diabetes do not mature, it would be crucial to ensure the glucose level of the elderly woman is monitored.  Equally, it would also be crucial to ensure all the medication prescribed to her by the GP is taken as required.   In addition, the condition can be controlled and managed through proper diet (NDEP 2016). Therefore, the care plan for the elderly woman should also cover her diet to ensure food   she consume food that has lest fat and salt and rich in fibre. Equally, in order to manage her arthritic condition and prevent it risks factor from maturing, proper care will be required.  Pain relief therapies will be required. In relation to the non-healing ulcers, the wound will need to cleaned and dressed. The dressing and cleaning should be done regularly to ensure no germ get access to the wound hence preventing potential infection. In conclusion, the essay has put clear the main anatomic features and physiology of human body. It has shown that body is made of different organs and system which though independent, works alongside each other to maintain life.   References list

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