Human Physiology

1.1 outline the main anatomical features of the human body Human body is made up of different biological systems with each system performing special and crucial function necessary for daily living. The digestive system is responsible for breaking down foods in order to provide enough energy for the body. The system is made up of several organs which include mouth, stomach, intestines (large and small), anus, pharynx, salivary glands and pancreas. All these organs works together that allows movement of food particle in the body break them down for energy and absorb the energy to the body (Science learning hub 2015). The Immune system is a biological system in human body that is responsible for defending the body against bacteria and virus. The system is made of several organs which includes the spleen, bone marrow, lymphocytes, white blood cells and lymph nodes (Science learning hub 2015) The endocrine system is responsible for release different hormone in our bodies. It consists of gland which releases and facilitate for movement of hormones in the body responsible for growth, reproduction and metabolism etc (Science learning hub 2015). Reproductive system ensures that human reproduce. The reproductive system of male and female differs. For male, the system is made up of penis and testes. Female reproductive system consists of vagina, the uterus and the ovaries (Science learning hub 2015). The respiratory system is one responsible for ensuring enough oxygen flow in to human body and carbon dioxide out of the body. The system is made up of trachea, the diaphragm, the lungs, oral cavity, nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx and bronchial tubes (Science learning hub 2015). Nervous systems play a vital role of controlling voluntary and involuntary action in the body by sending signal to various parts of the body. It consists of brains, spinal cord and nerves (Science learning hub 2015). Integumentary system is the largest system in human body and it is responsible for protecting the inner body from virus, pathogen and bacteria. It is also responsible for regulating the body temperature. It consists of Skins, hair and nails (Science learning hub 2015). The muscular system which is largely made up of muscles makes it easier for movement and flow of blood in the body. The system is made up of three types of muscles with each, muscle doing specifically function. These types include the skeletal muscles which facilitate voluntary movement such as walking; smooth must which facilitate the movement of substance in the body and the cardiac muscle which help in facilitating flow of blood in the body (Science learning hub 2015). 1.2 Discuss how body systems interact to ensure the body functions and grow Although all of the biological systems in human body have their specific function in the body, they are interconnected with each other (Person education n.d). They work together to maintain a stable internal environment through a process known as homeostasis to enhance chance of survival. Homeostasis refers to an optimal condition of the body necessary for survival. Optimal condition in this case refers to the right body temperature, glucose level, blood pressure etc. When the body is not at it optimal conditional, the various body system work together to bring it back to it homeostasis (Kerry 2013). This means that, if they are system malfunction or failure, diseases, illness or premature death occurs. Homeostasis mechanism consist of three parts namely the receptor, the control centre and the effectors. Receptor is feature in the cell structure that receives and responds to stimulus. When a stimulus is received by receptor, it is send to the control centre (the nervous system) which in turn sends command to the relevant tissues or organ (receptor) which responds accordingly (Oza 2014). There are two types of response that are produced by the effectors i.e. negative feedback and positive feedback. Negative feedback occurs when the effectors response oppose the stimulus. Positive feedback occurs when effectors response is in agreement with stimulus. Negative feedbacks are the common one in human body. They are used to regulate body temperature, blood pressure and other (Kerry 2013). The negative Feedback work to reverse the response. For instance, when the temperature increases in the surrounding, the skin will sense such increase and communicate to the brain from which a command will /give (sweating) to reduce the temperature in the body. Another example of negative feedback is when there is a lot of carbon dioxide in the body. The lung will in this case sense the presence of large amount of amount in which it will respond by exhale more air. Unlike negative feedback, positive feedback work to accelerate the response. An example of positive feedback is experienced in milk production. When the baby is sucking, the nerve system send stimulus to the mammary gland resulting to release of more prolactin hormone which increase milk production (CK-12 2015). 2.1 explain normal body responses to everyday activities When individuals engage in their everyday activities, their body systems respond accordingly in order to support such activities. In cases where individuals engage in physical activities such as walking or running, the respiratory system, muscular system and the cardiovascular system are affected. The intensity of physical activities determines the amount of the airs needed by the body to support such activity. For example, an individual participating in running competition requires more airs that one standing. In our given case scenario, the body of the 25 years old young man requires more airs for him to be able to engage in his daily activities of delivering leaflet door to door and also when participating in marathon. The respiratory systems respond to the demand for more airs by expanding pulmonary arteries to allow enough airs in and out of the body. The muscular system responds to physical activities through two ways. One, the skeletal muscles which is responsible for facilitating voluntary movement of body parts adapt by becoming more flexible to speed up the movement of muscle as required by the body. Secondly, the cardiac muscles which are responsible for bumping blood, increases it bumping rate to increase flow of blood in the body to match the requirement as demand by the activities being performed. Since the blood flow rate is increases, the circulatory system is also affected. It respond by increase the coronary circulation and heart beat rate to allow the increased blood to flow to all part of the body more faster. Also it increases the rate at which it extracts oxygen and distributes it to the relevant parts of the body. In cases where the physical activities being done is temporary in nature, the change experienced in these systems will also be temporary after which they will revert to their normal operation level. However, if the activities id done consistently and over time such in case of the 25 years old man, the change will be permanent. 2.2 Discuss how body responses are explained by cellular and tissue structure and physiology. Human body is organized in different structure. The first structure is made up of cells. Cells are the smallest living units in our body. They perform various functions in our body. Cells that perform similar function are grouped together to form tissues. There are different types of tissue which perform different function i.e. nervous tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue and epithelial tissue. Similar tissues form an organ such as arm, leg eye etc. Different organs form the whole body (Croix 2000). The body responses as a result of an activity are usually coordinated at cells and tissues level. All cells have the same structure .In their structure they have a receptor. This refers to a cell feature that is responsible for receiving stimuli (message) from inside and outside the body. When the cells receive the stimuli it triggers the required action which is performed by the relevant organ (Rod 2010). 2.3 Further, explain how his body will coordinate its internal activities. In human body there are a lot of internal activities that take place which include metabolism, regulation of glucose level, and energy extraction oxygen extraction among other. These activities are performing by all the system in the body but they are coordinated by two system namely nervous and endocrine system (Kerry 2013). The nervous system which is made up of brain spinal cord and nerve cell coordinate majority of internal activities. It does this by receiving stimulus from receptor organs such as eye, skin etc. It then integrated the stimulus and then responds stimuli which trigger an action. For example, when an individual accidently hold I hot metal, the skins will send the pain stimulus to the brains through the nerve cell after which the brain will send back a stimuli to rigger action i.e. releasing the metal. The endocrine system on the other hand coordinates body activities through hormones. Hormones are chemical that are used to send message to cells. The endocrine system coordinates internal body activities by releasing hormones into the blood or to extra cellular fluid. Message is communicate through hormone to a cell. However, for the cell to be influenced by the hormone, it must have a receptor for that hormone. So if a cell does not have a receptor for a particular hormone, it cannot respond to that hormone (Science learning hub 2015). The endocrine system coordinate internal body activities such as Growth, control of glucose level, sexual drive among other (Kerry 2013). 3.1 Explain how routine measures are recorded and what are their uses in health and social care? In order to ensure our body systems are functioning effectively at all time, it is necessary that routine measures are recorded. Routine measures refer to regular tests carried out by qualified personal to assess the functioning of the body. Routine measures are important as they help keep track of individuals’ health (Indian university health 2015). Obesity is a condition that increases individual change of diseases and illness and it is therefore important that the old obese man in our case scenario is regularly measured to keep track of his body functioning. By recording routine measures, it become easier for health and social care professional to understand how patient body is function and what system is likely to experience problem in future. This is vital as it help to take precautionary measures to reduce change of illness or premature death. In the given case scenario, there are several types of routine measures that are necessary to monitor the obesity condition in the old man. These include the body mass index (BMI), the health history, physical examination and blood tests. Body mass index is a test carried to determine the appropriateness of individual weight as it corresponds to his height. Measuring the BMI in the old obese man would be important in helping tracking the weight-loss efforts (Mayo clinic 2015). In case of obesity, it is important that the doctor examine and record on regular basis the habits of the individual, weight loss effort, physical exercise among other. This will help keep track of the obese condition as well as evaluate the possibility of health problem. Blood tests can be used to measures a lot of health risk. In the given cases scenario, routine blood test need to be conducted to assess risk associated with obesity including, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and stroke (Mayo clinic 2015). 3.2. Assess how these routine measures provide information about the body functioning of this person The routine measures are sources of vital information required for making decision concerning the care of the affected person. They provide information that help understand the functioning of the body. Through routine measures it become very easy to identify body system or organ that are not working as required and thus help address the problem (Indian university health 2015). Four instances, routine blood test for the obese man can help identify the effectiveness of the body in regulating glucose level, In our given case scenario, routine measures would provide comparable information that would help the obese man and the doctor to know the health risk that are likely to mature and thus prevent, delay or minimise them. Obesity is in itself a health risk factor and as such, routine measure would help the patients and the doctor knows how much weight needs to be lost. 3.3 Examine how such information about the body functioning may inform care planning for this person Conducting routine measures provide the healthcare professional with information that helps understand the effectiveness of the body system and organ in carrying out their function. System or organs not working properly can be identified. Additionally, risks factors can also be identified. This helps the care professional to plan for the well informed care (Indiana university health 2015). In our case scenario, information about body functioning of the old and obese man can help understand his condition thus helping in planning. For instance, the information would allow the doctor and the patients to know how much weight need to be lost for the man to regain his healthy status again. 4.1. Explain how her age may have affected her body structure and functioning According to Hurd (2015) as people age, there are a lot of changes that happen in their body which in turn affect their body structure and functioning. To begin with, as people age, there is loss of bone mass and density as well as calcium and other minerals and as a result bone become weak and may break very easily. In the spine cord, the bones (vertebrae) losses some important mineral that hold them straight and as such they become thinner and shorter and curved. This affect the overall body structure of an individual’s where old people look curved. In the joints, the fluids which facilitate their movement are lost. This can cause inflammation and arthritis. As human being age, the entire body organs start to loss their ability to function gradually (AAOS 2015). Organs are made up of tissues and tissues are made up of similar cells. There are many cells in our body and each cells or group of cells perform a certain function in the body. To function well cell always regenerate by dividing themselves. They also have a standard structure that helps them perform their function. As individual ages, the cells lose their structure. They become larger and are unable to subdivide. This affect their ability to carry out their function which in turn affect the ability of tissues and hence that of the organs in functioning properly (Dugdale and Zieve, 2015). In our case scenario, the multiple condition the 85 years old women is experience is as a resulting of ageing. For instance, the arthritis is as a result of loss of fluid (associated with ageing) that facilitates joint movement. Diabetes is as a result inability of her body to control the glucose level in the body. 4.2 assess the impact of common disorders on body structure and functioning The multiple conditions suffered by the 85 years Old woman will eventually have some impact on her body structure and functioning. The arthritis she is suffering from will cause a lot of changes in her muscle and skeletal system. According to sheil and Conrad (2015), arthritis causes damage of muscle surrounding the joints which led to atrophy (shrinking) resulting to weakening of the body structure. Due to loss of joint fluid, the skeletal system is also affected. Arthritis may result to damage of bones due to inflammation which can cause deformities which restrict the movement of various organ including legs and arms. Diabetes on the other hand is likely to cause ineffectiveness of her other body function. According to Diabete.co.uk (2015), Diabetes usually leads other health complication. For instance, it causes damage to the nerve system resulting to numbness in arm and in the feet. Also, it can affect individual ability to see. Furthermore, diabetes has the ability of affecting her digestive system. According to Diabete co. uk (2015) when diabetes causes damage to the nerve system, it also disturbs the digestive system resulting to digestive issues such as diarrhoea, nausea and constipation. Hypertension can also causes some ineffectiveness in various systems among her body. According to Elias (1995) hypertension occurs when the artery are small enough to accommodate the High amount of blood bumped by the heart. When the blood flow rate is beyond what the arteries can accommodate, damages of arteries are witnessed. This affects flow of the blood to the whole body. This affect the ability of other system to work effectively especially those that relies on oxygenated blood e.g. muscles system, nervous system 4.3 relate the effects of common disorders and infection to the care routinely given to individuals affected by them In our given case scenario, the multiple conditions the 85 year old woman is suffering from will determine the type of care she will require. Diabetes, hypertension and arthritis are all chronic diseases which are known to have adverse effects on individuals. Diabetes and arthritis are known to cause pain on the arm and foots and other major joint in the body. The care that she need thus requires that she is regularly monitored for pain management. Additional, the two conditions can results to deformity, which mean she will be in need of routine assistance in executing her daily activities. Furthermore, diabetes can lead to complication (diabetes UK). She will therefore need to be regularly monitored for sign of complication. Due to her ages and the diabetes, the ability of her body to regenerate cell and tissue to heal the wound on her leg has been largely affected. The wound may take long to heal. She will therefore require proper and routine care to check and take care of the wound. Additionally, the hypertension requires that the blood pressure is properly monitored to ensure it is at the required rate. Healthcare professional will therefore need to routine conduct hypertension test to ensure she is not at any risk. Generally, the multiple conditions she is suffering from require that regular monitoring and care to minimise the risk of premature death or suffering. Conclusion This essay has explained the human physiology. From it, several points can be noted. One, human body is made up of several biological system. Two, for human being to survive or to be health, the system need to be functioning together and should work together to maintain homeostasis. Thirdly, the body functioning and structure is affected by ageing.