- Homework: Build a plan/map for answering 2 of following questions (even though I strongly encourage you to work on all of them). You can either only mark key concepts, events and historical figures and relationships as bullet points, or write them out in full sentences in an essay format – your choice. Turn in your answers on Wednesday. We will discus them in class.
- What was the Columbian Exchanges? What combination of demographic, cultural, and ecological transformations are contained within this idea?It had a lasting impact for the cultural, economic and political life in the Americas, Europe and the world in general – elaborate and give examples.
- What was the Reformation and how did it relate to or interact with the “backdrop” of early modern Europe? Why do we consider it a major event for the transformation of Early Modern Europe? Martin Luther’s attack on Indulgencies being one example that tap into more widespread criticism of the papacy and had far-reaching consequences. What political, technological, economic, cultural and social conditions enabled or caused this movement to take place. Theology had political and social implications - how did it affect other parts of society? Religious and political conflicts have always been intertwined – explain these assertions and support with historical evidence.
- European politics, philosophy, science and communications were radically reorientedduringthe course of the “long 18th century” (1685-1815) as part of the Age of Reason, or simply the Enlightenment. How revolutionary was the “scientific revolution”? Enlightenment debates and ideas were shaped by the availability of new information about peoples and culture in different parts of the globe. How did Enlightenment thinkers incorporate this new information into their thought? These ideas rapidly spread throughout Europe and in European colonies. Give examples and elaborate on the consequences.
- The French Revolution resulted both from an immediate political and financial crisis and long-term social tensions. What was this crisis, and how did it lead to popular revolt against the monarchy? What were the political goals of the revolutionaries in the National Assembly in 1789? Did they succeed? What was the reaction of monarchs and people elsewhere in Europe and the colonies? Discuss the causes, events and consequences of the French Revolution as a period of political, intellectual and cultural rapture not only in France, but also across Europe and the European colonies.